鎷夌編鍥藉鐨勫弻閲嶆€?/span>
鍏嬬綏杩路鍗¤尐(2014骞?/span>2鏈?/span>13鏃?/span>)
鍦ㄨ繃鍘荤殑鍗佸勾锛屾媺缇庡浗瀹惰幏寰椾簡鑷富鎬ц繕鏄彉寰椾緷璧栨€ф洿寮猴紵鏄墿澶т簡杩樻槸鍑忓皯浜嗗叾涓绘潈杈归檯锛熼潰涓村叏鐞冪粡娴庡嵄鏈猴紝鏈夋洿澶х殑淇濇姢杩樻槸鍙湁鏇村鐨勬棤濂堬紵锛堣繖鏄鏂囩珷涓変釜閮ㄥ垎鐨勭涓€閮ㄥ垎锛夈€?/span>
I.缁忔祹鍜岄樁绾?/span>
鍗楃編娲茬殑婕斿彉涓鸿嚜娌荤殑璁洪鎻愪緵浜嗚澶氳鎹紝涓編娲茬殑杩涚▼涔熷悓鏍蜂负渚濊禆鎬ф彁渚涗簡鍒ゆ柇璁烘嵁銆傚鏋滄垜浠妸濮斿唴鐟炴媺鎴栧ⅷ瑗垮摜杩涚▼鐨勮建杩逛竴鑸寲锛屼篃鍙綔鍚屾牱鐨勫姣斻€傚鏋滈噸鐐规斁鍦ㄥ湴缂樻斂娌诲眰闈紝褰撶粡娴庤瘎浠峰垪涓轰紭鍏堜簨椤规椂锛屽鍥撮噸鏁磋穬鐒跺叆鐪硷紝閭d箞锛岃鍦板尯鐙珛鐨勬柊杈归檯灏卞嚭鐜颁簡銆?/span>
"鍚庤嚜鐢变富涔?/span>"鍜?/span>"鍟嗗搧鍏辫瘑"鏄患鍚堣繖涓や釜鎰挎櫙鐨勪袱涓蹇点€傜涓€涓蹇垫敞鎰忓埌锛屽嚭鐜颁簡涓€涓互鐙珛鑷富鐨勫浜ゆ斂绛栦负鏍囧織鐨勬柊闃舵銆佸嚭鐜颁簡杩涙鏀垮簻鍚屽€掗€€鍙崇考鐨勭粨鍚?/span>[1]銆傜浜屼釜姒傚康寮鸿皟浠ュ垵绾т骇鍝佸嚭鍙d负涓績鐨勬ā鍨嬬殑鍧囧寑寮哄寲[2].
鍝釜鏄纭殑琛ㄥ緛锛熺瓟妗堥渶瑕佽瘎浼拌繃鍘讳袱骞村湪璇ュ尯鍩熷彂鐢熺殑宸ㄥぇ缁忔祹銆佺ぞ浼氬拰鏀挎不鍙橀潻銆?/span>
鍐滀笟鍑哄彛鍜岄噰鐭?/span>
浠庝笂涓栫邯80骞翠唬璧凤紝鎷変竵缇庢床鐨勬柊鑷敱涓讳箟閲嶇粍寰椾互鍔犲己锛屽嚭鐜颁簡涓€涓嚭鍙d笓涓氬寲鐨勬ā寮忥紝閲嶆柊鎶婅鍦板尯鍒涘缓鎴愬浗闄呴敳瀛愶紝鎴愪负涓€涓熀鏈殑浜у搧渚涜揣鍟嗐€傝繖绉嶅垎閲忛噸鏂板姞澶х殑鍟嗗搧锛屾剰鍛崇潃鍐滀笟鏂归潰鐨勬繁鍒诲彉闈╋紝淇冭繘涓哄嚭鍙h€岃繘琛岀殑绉嶆鏍藉煿锛岄€犳垚褰撳湴渚涘簲鐨勮“钀姐€傚湪鎵€鏈夊浗瀹讹紝閮藉姞寮轰簡涓€绉嶅晢涓氭ā寮忕殑杩愯锛岀敤瀵嗛泦绉疮鐨勮祫鏈富涔夋爣鍑嗚惀杩愬啘鏉戜紒涓氥€傛棫瀵″ご涓?/span>"鍐滀笟"澶у叕鍙稿瘑鍒囪仈绯伙紝棰嗗ご杩欎釜杞瀷銆?/span>
灏忕敓浜ц€呭繀椤诲繊鍙楁姇鍏ョ殑澧炲姞銆佹洿澶х殑绔炰簤鍘嬪姏鍜屾棩鐩婂澶氱殑杞珌椋庨櫓锛屽洜涓哄悎鍚岄兘鏄寜鐓у嚭鍙h鍒欒閫犵殑銆備粬浠繀椤昏皟鏁存椿鍔ㄩ€傚簲鏂扮殑鍒跺喎銆佽繍杈撳拰鍐滀笟鍖栧鐨勬姇鍏ヨ姹傦紝浠ヤ究鐢熶骇鍑哄叏鐞冭惀閿€鐨勬垚鍨嬪埗鍝併€備粬浠粡甯歌礋鍊虹疮绱紝鍗栨帀鍦熷湴锛屾渶缁堝姞鍏ョЩ灞呭埌鍩庡競鐨勫ぇ浼楅噷銆?/span>
杩欑鎻愰珮浜ч噺鐨勫帇鍔涳紝浼ゅ娈嬪瓨鐨勯潪璧勬湰涓讳箟鍐滀笟锛屽啿娣′簡鍏充簬杩欎竴閮ㄩ棬涓嶅悓鐢熶骇妯″紡璋冭妭鐨勪互寰€璁ㄨ銆傚湪澶栭儴闇€姹傜殑绾︽潫涓嬶紝鍒濈骇鍜屾绾ч儴闂ㄤ箣闂寸殑鐣岀嚎鍑忓皯浜嗭紝娉板嫆妯″紡鐨勯泧浣e姵鍔ㄤ唤閲忓緱浠ユ墿澶с€?/span>
澶ц眴鏄繖涓柊鍐滀笟璁″垝鐨勪竴涓吀鍨嬩緥瀛愩€傚畠鍦ㄩ樋鏍瑰环銆佸反瑗裤€佸反鎷夊湱鍜屼箤鎷夊湱鎵╂暎锛屾懅姣佸叾瀹冪妞嶄笟锛屾墍鐢ㄧ殑鎵嬫鏄洿鎺ユ挱绉嶈浆鍩哄洜浣滅墿鍜屽瀛熷北閮藉叕鍙镐綔涓虹瀛愪緵璐у晢鐨勪緷璧栥€傜敱浜庣敓浜ф补鎴栧姩鐗╅ゲ鏂欓渶瑕佺殑鍔冲姩鍔涗笉澶э紝姣?/span>100-500鍏》鍙骇鐢熶竴涓伐浣?/span> [3].
浣嗗湪鍏跺畠鍖哄煙鍜屼骇鍝佹柟闈紝涔熻兘鐪嬪埌鐩稿悓鐨勮浆鍨嬨€傛櫤鍒╃殑姘存灉鍜岃憽钀勯厭鏄殢鐫€澶栭攢鐨勬柊鍙傛暟鑰屽彂灞曠殑锛岄殢鐫€鍐滄潙涓存椂宸ョ殑瀵嗗害鍙婅浆鍖呯殑澧炲姞鑰屽彂灞曠殑銆傚巹鐡滃灏斿拰鍝ヤ鸡姣斾簹鐨勮姳鍗夌妞嶏紝闈犵殑鏄瘑闆嗗瀷鐏屾簤鎶€鏈拰楂樺害鍓ュ墛濡囧コ鐨勪綋鍔涘姵鍔紝瀹冨彇浠d簡浼犵粺鐨勮惀鍏荤敓浜с€傚湪涓編娲茬殑绉嶆鍥噷锛屾柊椴滃啲瀛h敩鑿滅殑鍑哄彛浠ョ壓鐗蹭紶缁熺敓浜т负浠d环锛岃€屽畠浠凡缁忎娇鍩烘湰绮鐨勮繘鍙e嚭鐜颁簡澶у箙鐨勫鍔?/span>[4].
鍦ㄩ噰鐭夸笟鏂归潰锛屼篃鍑虹幇浜嗗悓鏍风殑鍒濈骇鍟嗗搧鍑哄彛涓撲笟鍖栵紝閲囩敤鏂版ā寮忕殑闇插ぉ閲囩熆浣滀笟鏂瑰紡銆備负浜嗘彁鍙栫熆鐗╋紝楂樺北琚偢姣侊紝鐢ㄥ寲瀛﹀寲鍚堢墿 (姘村姏鍘嬭娉曪級瑁傝В宀╃煶銆傚洜涓烘浛鎹㈣€佸潙鐨勮繖浜涙妧鏈兘闇€瑕佹洿澶氱殑鎶曡祫锛屽鍥藉叕鍙哥殑鍑虹幇澧炲姞浜嗭紝鑰屼笖鑾峰緱寰堝鍑忕◣銆傚姞鎷垮ぇ鐨勫叕鍙?/span> 鈥? 浠ュ強婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹銆佹瘮鍒╂椂銆佺憺鍏稿拰缇庡浗鐨勫叕鍙?/span> 鈥? 鎺у埗浜嗗ぇ閮ㄥ垎杩欐牱鐨勪紒涓氥€?/span>
鏅哄埄鏄繖绉嶆椿鍔ㄧ殑澶╁爞銆備笉鍐嶅彧鏈夊浗鏈夌殑鏅哄埄鍥芥湁閾滀笟鍏徃锛?/span>CODELCO锛夊紑閲囬摐銆傚叾瀹冨叕鍙镐篃鍙備笌寮€閲囷紝浠樺嚭浣庣◣(7.8%)鑰岃幏寰楅珮鏀剁泭锛?/span>50%锛夈€傜椴佷篃鏄繖鏍凤紝鍦ㄥ悍鑼勶紙Conga锛夊湴鍖猴紝姝e湪寮€鍙戣妯″法澶х殑閲囨帢椤圭洰[5].
杩欑被閲囩熆鎸栨帢浣跨敤澶ч噺鐨勬按锛岀洿鎺ュ奖鍝嶅啘涓氫紒涓氬苟澧炲姞姹℃煋銆傝繖灏卞姞閲嶄簡鐜鐏鹃毦锛岃鍖哄煙姝e湪缃瑰彈鐏鹃毦褰卞搷锛岄潰瀵瑰畨绗柉灞卞尯鐨勫啺宸濊瀺鍖栵紝浜氶┈瀛欐渤娴佸煙鐨勬.鏋楅€€鍖栧拰娌挎捣鍦板尯鐨勬椽鐏俱€備互鍑哄彛涓哄鍚戠殑鐭跨墿钀冨彇锛屼娇姘斿€欏彉鍖栫殑鎵€鏈夊奖鍝嶆洿鍔犲皷閿?/span>[6].
宸ヤ笟琛拌惤
宸ヤ笟琛拌惤鏄啘浜ч噰鐭夸笟绻佽崳鐨勫彟涓€闈€傛媺缇庡浗瀹跺浗鍐呯敓浜ф€诲€肩浜屼骇涓氱殑姣旈噸浠?/span> 12.7%(1970-74骞达級涓嬮檷鍒?/span> 6.4%(2002-06骞?/span>)锛屽湪鐢熶骇銆佺敓浜х巼銆佹妧鏈€佹敞鍐屼笓鍒╁拰鐮旂┒涓庡紑鍙戞敮鍑烘柟闈紝鍚屼簹娲茶涓氱殑宸窛宸茬粡鎵╁ぇ[7].
杩欎釜鍚戝悗鍊掗€€鐨勮繍鍔ㄧ粡甯哥瓑鍚屼簬鎷変竵缇庢床缁忔祹鐨?/span>"鍐嶅師濮嬪寲"銆備絾宸ヤ笟骞舵病鏈夋秷澶憋紝瀹冧細鏇村噯纭湴璋冩暣鍒颁竴涓柊鐨勪緷璧栨€у啀鐢熷懆鏈熴€傚反瑗垮拰闃挎牴寤蜂綔涓烘垬鍚庡伐涓氬寲鏈€鍏蜂唬琛ㄦ€х殑涓や釜缁忔祹浣擄紝鍏跺彂灞曟槸闈炲父鏄庢樉鐨勩€?/span>
鍦ㄥ反瑗匡紝鐢熶骇鐜囧凡缁忎笅闄嶏紝鎴愭湰澧炲姞浜嗭紝澶栭儴宸ヤ笟璧ゅ瓧鏈夋墍鎵╁ぇ锛屽浜庢姇璧勬粸鍚庯紝鑳芥簮鍜岃繍杈撶殑鍩虹璁炬柦澶т负鎭跺寲鐨勬儏鍐点€備竴浜涘垎鏋愪汉澹涓猴紝宸磋タ鐨勫伐涓氳缃凡缁忔拨涓哄叾1980骞翠唬瑙勬ā鐨勪竴鍗?/span>[8].
鍦ㄩ樋鏍瑰环鍑虹幇浜嗗悓鏍风殑宸ヤ笟琛伴€€锛屽敖绠″湪杩囧幓鍗佸勾涓湁澶嶈嫃鐨勭邯褰曘€傝繖涓€琛屼笟鍗犳湁鐨勫湴浣嶈緝涓婁笘绾?/span>80骞翠唬灏?/span> (GDP浠?/span>23%闄嶅埌17%锛夛紝鑰屼笖楂樺害闆嗕腑鍦ㄤ簲涓儴闂紝鍙楀鍥芥帶鍒讹紝杩涘彛澧炲姞锛屽浗浜у害浣庛€?/span>
鍦ㄥⅷ瑗垮摜锛屼紶缁熶骇涓?/span> --- 閫氳繃鏇夸唬杩涘彛浠ヤ緵搴旀湰鍦板競鍦鸿€屽缓绔嬬殑 --- 宸茬粡琚礇璧风殑鑷敱璐告槗鍖哄嚭鍙e姞宸ュ巶(maquilas)鑰屽彇浠c€傝繖绉嶇被鍨嬬殑宸ュ巶浠ュ嚭鍙d负浼樺厛锛岄€氳繃缃戠粶杩愪綔锛屼互閫傚簲鐏垫椿绉疮鐨勮鑼冦€傚畠浠紑濮嬩簬鏈嶈鍜岀數瀛愪骇鍝侊紝鐒跺悗鎵╁睍鍒版苯杞︼紝瀹冧滑宸插崰澧ㄨタ鍝?/span>GDP鐨?/span>20%銆傝繖绉嶆ā寮忕殑璞″緛浣嶇疆鏄編鍥界殑杈圭晫銆傚湪浣嶄簬杈瑰鍖虹殑涓や晶锛?/span>1965骞寸殑50涓垵濮嬪伐鍘傚彂灞曞埌2004骞寸殑3000 宸ュ巶銆?/span>
浠庝綆璐ㄩ噺鍔冲姩瑁呴厤鍘傚彂灞曡捣鏉ョ殑杩欎簺宸ュ巶锛屽寘鍚奖鍝嶆暣涓媺涓佺編娲茬粡娴庣殑鍩烘湰涓撲笟鍖栫殑璁稿鐗圭偣銆傚叾涓昏鐨勮緭鍏ユ槸寤変环鐨勫姵鍔ㄥ姏銆傚叕鍙歌仒璇锋潵鑷啘鏉戠殑宸ヤ汉骞舵妸宸ヤ細鍒戜簨缃寲銆傜敓浜х巼鍚屾瘝鍏徃鐨勬按骞崇浉浠匡紝宸ヨ祫鍗存瘮缇庡浗鐨勫钩鍧囨按骞充綆鍑犲€嶏紝鑰屼笖浣庝簬澧ㄨタ鍝ユ湁宸ヤ細鐨勮涓氥€?/span>
杩欑鍔冲姩鍓ュ墛妯″瀷鐨勫浐鍖栵紝鍦ㄤ綅浜庡绫冲凹鍔犲叡鍜屽浗銆佸嵄鍦伴┈鎷夊拰娲兘鎷夋柉鐨勬柊涓€浠e叕鍙搁噷鏇存槗瑙佸埌銆傞偅閲岋紝浠栦滑鐢ㄥ悎鍚岃骞磋交浜哄眻鏈嶄簬浣夸汉绛嬬柌鍔涘敖鐨勭邯寰嬨€傜敱浜庡悓浜氭床鐨勭珵浜夛紝鍥犺€屾彁楂樼敓浜у姏鐨勫帇鍔涢噸鏂板嚭鐜颁簡锛岃€屼笖鏄案涔呯殑銆?/span>
姹囨鍜屾梾娓?/span>
鍩烘湰鍑哄彛涓撲笟鍖栨ā鍨嬪垱閫犵殑灏变笟鏈轰細娌℃湁鍑犱釜锛屽姞鍓т簡绉绘皯锛屽苟鍦ㄨ鍖哄煙鐨勪竴浜涘皬鍥藉褰㈡垚浜嗕竴绉嶆柊鍨嬬殑瀵瑰悇绉嶆眹娆剧殑渚濊禆鎬с€傛媺涓佺編娲叉槸杩欎簺璧勯噾鐨勪富瑕佹帴鏀惰€咃紝杩欎簺璧勯噾鏄绫冲凹鍔犲叡鍜屽浗銆佽惃灏旂摝澶氥€佸嵄鍦伴┈鎷夈€佸湱浜氶偅銆佹捣鍦般€佹椽閮芥媺鏂€佺墮涔板姞鍜屽凹鍔犳媺鐡滅殑涓昏鏀跺叆鏉ユ簮銆傝繖绉嶅甯佽浆绉绘槸浼埄鍏广€佺幓鍒╃淮浜氥€佸摜浼︽瘮浜氥€佸巹鐡滃灏斻€佸反鎷夊湱鍜岃嫃閲屽崡鐨勭浜屽ぇ澶栧竵鏉ユ簮銆備粬浠凡缁忓彇浠d簡钀ㄥ皵鐡﹀鐨勫挅鍟″拰娲兘鎷夋柉棣欒晧鐨勯瑕佸湴浣?/span>[9].
鍥犱负姹囨锛屽嚭鐜颁簡涓€涓墠鎵€鏈湁鐨勫弻閲嶅洶闅惧眬闈紝鍗冲湪涓€涓浗瀹惰禋閽变絾鍦ㄥ彟涓€涓浗瀹舵秷璐广€傚湪涓€澶勮幏寰楁姤閰殑鍔冲姩鍔涳紝鍗村悜鍙︿竴涓湴鍖轰腑鍚岃緢浜虹殑鍐嶇敓浜ц礋璐c€傚叏鐞冮€氫俊鍜岃繍杈撲环鏍肩殑鍑忓皯锛屽凡缁忓垱閫犱簡涓€涓ǔ瀹氱殑澶氬浗绌洪棿锛岃浜哄湪鍚屼竴鏃堕棿鐢熸椿鍦ㄤ袱涓笘鐣岄噷锛岀Щ姘戜笌浠栦滑鐨勫師鐢熷湴鍖虹殑鑱旂郴锛屽湪鏌愪簺灏忓尯閿婚€犲嚭涓€绉嶅弻閲嶆ā寮忕殑鐢熸椿[10]銆傝繖涓€杩涚▼鍔犲己浜嗗嚭鍙h繃鍓╀汉鍙g殑鍥藉鍜岄€夋嫨鎬у湴鍚告敹娴佹皯鐨勭粡娴庝綋涔嬮棿鐨勮鐥曘€傝繍鍔ㄦ槸澶氭柟鍚戠殑锛屼絾琚姏寮冪殑鍦板尯鍜屽姹傚埌鐨勫湴鏂规€绘槸鐩稿悓鐨勶紝灏卞鐩墠灞呬綇鍦ㄧ編鍥界殑3000涓囨媺缇庤浜烘墍琛ㄦ槑鐨勯偅鏍枫€?/span>
姝ゅ锛屾梾娓镐笟宸叉垚涓鸿鍦板尯鐨勫皬鍥界敓瀛樻墍蹇呴渶鐨勩€傝繖涓湇鍔′笟宸茬粡鍙栦唬棣欒晧锛屾垚浜嗗摜鏂揪榛庡姞鐨勪富瑕佸嚭鍙e搧锛岃€屼笖鏄椽閮芥媺鏂€佸嵄鍦伴┈鎷夊拰鍔犲嫆姣斿湴鍖虹殑绗簩澶х粡娴庢椿鍔ㄣ€傚熀浜庢爣鍑嗗寲鐨勬湇鍔★紝鎷変竵缇庢床鐨勭幇鎴愬粔浠峰姵鍔ㄥ姏銆佺ゥ鍜岀殑鑷劧鐜鍜屼赴瀵岀殑鏂囧寲閬椾骇锛岃瀹冨叿鏈夊惛寮曞姏銆?/span>
鏂拌嚜鐢变富涔夌殑璧勬湰涓讳箟鐢ㄤ釜浜轰富涔夌殑鏍囧噯鍙栦唬浜嗙ぞ浼氭梾娓哥殑鑰佽鍒欙紝鎶婂瘜浜?/span>(鏈変韩鍙楅棽鏆囩殑鏉冨埄锛?/span> 鍜岀┓浜猴紙鏈夋彁渚涙湇鍔$殑涔夊姟) 涔嬮棿鐨勫垝鍒嗚嚜鐒跺寲銆傚ぇ浼楀獟浣撶儤鎵樺紓鍥芥儏璋冪殑鍚稿紩鍔涳紝杩涜鏂囧寲鍚屽寲锛屽苟鎶婄涓変笘鐣屽浗瀹跺彉鎴愪簡涓€涓?/span>"蹇箰鐨勫鍥?/span>"銆備腑浜ч樁灞傜疆韬簬杩欎簺鏂扮殑浣撻獙锛屾妸鑷敱璐告槗鐨勭璇濆唴鍦ㄥ寲锛屾紶瑙嗗洿缁曡繖椤逛笟鍔$殑鏃ョ泭涓嶅钩绛夌殑鎯呭喌銆傚湪鎭㈠绉嶆棌涓讳箟鍜岀簿鑻变富涔夋柟闈紝鍏ㄧ悆鏃呮父涓氭湁闈炲父閲嶈鐨勬€濇兂褰卞搷銆?/span>
璇ユā鍨嬬殑鎸佷箙鎬?/span>
鏂拌嚜鐢变富涔夊叏鐞冨寲鎶婃媺涓佺編娲查噸鏂拌浆鍙樻垚涓€涓珮搴﹂泦涓簬鍐滀骇鍑哄彛銆侀噰鐭垮拰鏈嶅姟涓氱殑缁忔祹锛屽叾浠d环鏄壓鐗插伐涓氱殑鍙戝睍銆備絾鍦ㄦ渶杩戠殑鍏ㄧ悆鍗辨満鏃舵湡锛屾渶鏄庢樉鐨勬槸杩欎簺瓒嬪娍鐨勮繛缁€с€?/span>
杩欑鎸佷箙鎬у弽鏄犱簡鍏ㄧ悆閲戣瀺闇囧姩瀵硅鍖哄煙鐨勪腑搴﹀奖鍝嶃€傚湪鍗辨満浠ュ墠鐨勬湡闂达紙2003骞?/span>-2008 骞达級鍜屼互鍚庣殑闃舵锛?/span>2008骞?/span>-2013 骞达級锛屾媺涓佺編娲茬殑澧為暱閫熷害涓€鐩撮珮浜庡浗闄呭钩鍧囨按骞炽€傝繎鍑犲勾閭e钩鍧囨按骞冲湪涓嬮檷锛屼絾骞舵病鏈夊彉澶氬皯銆傚湪 2013 骞村畠杈惧埌3.2%宸﹀彸锛岃€屽墠涓€骞村垯鍦?/span>3%鐨勬按骞?/span>[11]銆?/span>
鍚屽彂鐢熶簬1980骞磋嚦2003骞翠箣闂寸殑鐏鹃毦鎬у穿婧冪浉姣旓紝鍒扮洰鍓嶄负姝紝鍗辨満瀵规媺缇庡浗瀹剁殑褰卞搷鏈夐檺銆傛棦娌℃湁鍙戠敓閾惰宕╂簝涔熸病鏈夊彂鐢熷鍊虹垎鐐搞€傝繖绉嶄腑绔嬫儏鍐碉紝鍦ㄤ腑閮ㄦ瘮鍗楅儴鏇存湁鎰忎箟锛屼絾璇ュ尯鍩熶腑閮ㄥ浗瀹舵病鏈夌粡鍘嗗己鐑堢殑琛伴€€銆?/span>
涓庝笂涓栫邯30骞翠唬鐨勫ぇ钀ф潯鍋氬姣旓紝鑳借鏄庨棶棰樸€傚湪閭e穿婧冩湡闂达紝鎷変竵缇庢床鍑哄彛鍑忓皯浜?/span>65%锛岃繘鍙e噺灏戜簡37%锛岃€屽鏁板浗瀹剁粡鍘嗕簡璐㈠姟鐘跺喌鎭跺寲锛岃揩浣夸粬浠殏鍋滄敮浠樺鍊恒€傞偅涓笅婊戣浼撮殢鐫€浜屾涓栫晫澶ф垬鐨勫嚭鍙e闀夸笌鍌ㄥ鐨勭Н绱€岄€嗚浆杩囨潵 [12].
姝ゅ鍑哄彛涓撲笟鍖栨牸灞€鐨勮繛缁€э紝寰楀埄浜庡ぇ瀹楀晢鍝佺淮鎸佺殑楂樹环鏍兼按骞炽€?/span>2008 骞达紝鐗╀环涓嬭穼锛屼絾瀹冧滑寰堝揩灏辨仮澶嶄簡銆傚唴閮ㄨ锤鏄撴潯娆剧殑涓€涓敼鍠勫緱浠ユ寔缁紝鍦ㄨ繃鍘诲崄骞寸殑璁板綍涓紝鍘熸潗鏂欎环鏍煎闀夸簡涓夊€嶃€傜煶娌逛环鏍肩炕浜嗕竴鐣紝閾滃闀夸簡鍥涘€嶏紝鑰屽ぇ璞嗗凡涓婂崌浜?/span>2.5鍊嶃€傝繖涓崌鍊煎埡婵€浜嗗嚭鍙i噺澧炲姞55%[13].
瀵逛簬鍘熸潗鏂欎环鏍艰繖绉嶄笂娑ㄧ殑鍘熷洜锛屽瓨鍦ㄤ笉鍚岀殑瑙i噴銆備竴浜涜В閲婃敞閲嶉噾铻嶆姇鏈烘椿鍔ㄧ殑鍙戠敓鐜囷紝鍏跺畠瑙i噴鍒欏己璋冨啘涓氱噧鏂欑殑鎵╁ぇ锛岀劧鑰屾湁涓€浜涗汉鍒欒涓轰腑鍥界殑闇€姹傚缓绔嬩簡涓€涓柊鐨勪环鏍兼按骞炽€備絾鏃犺濡備綍锛岃繖涓€杩囩▼婵€鍙戜簡涔嬪墠鐨勬柊鑷敱涓讳箟鏀归潻鐨勬繁鍖栥€?/span>
鏈€鍚庯紝澶栧浗鎶曡祫娴佺殑杩愪綔锛屼竴鐩存槸瓒嬪娍杩炵画鎬х殑鍐冲畾鍥犵礌銆?/span>2012骞磋繖绗旀敹鍏ユ€婚1730浜跨編閲戯紝瓒呰繃鍓嶄竴骞寸櫨鍒嗕箣鍏紝姣斿崄骞寸殑鏈€楂樻暟棰濊繕澧炲姞涓€鍊嶃€傝祫鏈祦鍏ュ拰鍑哄彛浠峰€间績杩涗簡澶栨眹鍌ㄥ鐨勫鍔狅紝骞跺噺灏戝€哄姟姣旂巼[14].
杩戝嚑鍗佸勾鏉ョ殑鐢婚潰鍜屾渶杩戠殑鍗辨満鍔犲己浜嗚繖绉嶅垽鏂紝鍗冲己璋冨晢鍝佸湪鎷変竵缇庢床缁忔祹浣撶郴涓殑涓績鍦颁綅銆傞€氳繃杩欐牱鐨勬潈琛★紝灏辩患鍚堟儏鍐?/span>(鍥介檯鏀舵敮銆佸姹囧偍澶囥€佸€哄姟)鑰岃█锛岃鍦板尯涓嶆槸閭d箞鑴嗗急锛屼絾鍏剁粨鏋勭殑鑴嗗急鎬ф湁鎵€澧炲姞銆?/span>
涓婅堪鏀瑰彉
鏈尯鍩熶綔涓轰竴涓熀鏈殑浜у搧鍑哄彛鑰呭緱浠ュ珐鍥猴紝涔熷奖鍝嶅埌缁熸不闃剁骇鐨勬鍐碉紝淇冧娇鏃х殑姘戞棌鎬ц祫浜ч樁绾ц浆鍖栦负鏈湴鍖虹殑璧勪骇闃剁骇銆傜涓€绉嶆ā寮忓搴斾簬鍐呴儴甯傚満鐨勫埗閫犲疄涓氬锛岃繛甯︽湁杩涘彛绠″埗涓庤ˉ璐达紝浼樺厛鎵╁ぇ闇€姹傘€傜浜屼釜姒傚喌鎵€娑夊強鐨勬槸涓€涓儴闂紝杩欎釜閮ㄩ棬涓嶅啀闄愬埗瀹冪殑娲诲姩浜庡埗閫犮€佷笉鎻愬€¤嚜鎴戞參璺戝紡鐨勫紑鍙戙€傚畠淇冭繘鍑哄彛锛岃€屼笉鏄唴閮ㄥ競鍦猴紝鍊惧悜浜庨檷浣庢垚鏈洿鐢氫簬鎵╁ぇ娑堣垂銆?/span>
杩欑杞彉鍔犲墽浜嗕竴涓櫨涓囧瘜缈佺簿鑻遍樁灞傜殑鏆村彂銆傝繖鏍风殑鏆村彂鎴蜂腑鐨勪竴浜涘叿鏈夎薄寰佹剰涔夌殑鍚嶅瓧鏄細鏂埄濮嗭紙Slim 澧ㄨタ鍝ワ級銆佽タ鏂唴缃楁柉(Cisneros 濮斿唴鐟炴媺)銆?/span>Noboa(Noboa 鍘勭摐澶氬皵)銆佸湥澶氭槑鍝?/span>(Santo Domingo 鍝ヤ鸡姣斾簹)銆佸畨寰楃綏灏肩路璺柉鍙紙Andrónico Lucski 鏅哄埄锛夈€佸竷灏旀垐缃楀凹銆?/span> 缃楀崱锛?/span>Bulgheroni銆?/span>Rocca, 闃挎牴寤凤級銆侀粠鏇硷紝钀ㄥか鎷夛紝澧ㄦ媺灏旓紙Lemann, Safra锛?/span>Moraer 宸磋タ锛夈€備粬浠殑璐㈠瘜鍙拷婧埌杩囧幓锛屼絾杩戝嚑鍗佸勾鏉ラ€氳繃鍑哄彛涓氬姟锛屼粬浠殑璐㈠瘜鏈変簡宸ㄥぇ澧炲箙銆?/span>
鏁翠釜鏉ヨ锛屾媺涓佺編娲茶祫鏈鏄叏浣撲汉鍙d腑鐨勫皯鏁伴儴鍒嗐€備粬浠殑鍔涢噺鍜屽叾鎴愬憳鏁扮洰涔嬮棿瀛樺湪宸ㄥぇ鐨勫樊璺濄€備笟涓诲拰鍏徃缁忔祹鍒╃泭鐨勬帴鏀惰€呬笉瓒呰繃缁忔祹娲诲姩浜哄彛鐨?/span>1-2%銆傚鏋滄垜浠妸绠$悊鍜屾帶鍒跺姵鍔ㄥ姏鎴栦竴浜涘湪鍏徃鍏锋湁鎴樼暐浣滅敤鐨勯珮绠″拰涓撲笟浜哄+鍖呮嫭杩涙潵锛岄偅涔堣繖涓€姣斾緥澧炲姞鍒?/span>10%銆傞€氳繃杩欎簺鍔熻兘锛屼粬浠弬涓庝簡娌℃敹浠栦汉鍔冲姩鐨勬椿鍔?/span> [15].
鏈€鍚庡崄骞寸殑杞崲锛屽鍔犱簡涓昏璧勬湰涓讳箟闆嗗洟鐨勯泦涓害鍜屽浗闄呭寲锛岄偅浜涢泦鍥㈣蛋鍒颁竴璧凤紝鎴愪负鍖哄煙鎬т紒涓氶泦鍥€傛柊鐨勬媺缇庤法鍥藉叕鍙稿叴璧凤紝瀹冧滑鏉ヨ嚜瀵岃瀹舵棌锛屽洜涓鸿繖浜涘鏃忕敤鍏ㄧ悆绠$悊鏂瑰紡鍜屽尯鍩熶紭鍏堥」鐩墿澶т粬浠殑鍏徃銆傚反瑗垮拰澧ㄨタ鍝ョ殑浼佷笟闆嗗洟棰嗗ご杩欑瓒嬪娍锛屽叾娆℃槸闃挎牴寤峰拰鏅哄埄銆?/span>
鍦熷湴閲囩熆銆佸伐涓氬拰閾惰涓氬悇閮ㄥ垎涔嬮棿鐨勪紶缁熷樊寮傚苟娌℃湁娑堝け锛屼絾鐢变簬寮曡繘鏂拌嚜鐢变富涔夊叏鐞冨寲锛屼骇鐢熷法澶х殑绔炰簤鍘嬪姏锛屽鑷翠簰鐩歌仈绯诲鍔犱簡銆傝繖绉嶇珵浜夊凡淇敼浜?/span>500涓渶澶ф媺缇庡浗瀹跺叕鍙哥殑缁勬垚銆?/span>1991鑷?/span>2001骞存湡闂村浗瀹朵紒涓氱殑鍙備笌涓嬮檷锛堜粠 20%鍒?/span> 9%锛夛紝鑰屽鍥界殑姣旈噸澧炲姞浜?/span> (27%鑷?/span>39%)[16]銆?/span>
鏈湴闆嗗洟鐢ㄦ洿澶氱殑澶栭儴铻嶈祫鍜岃偂绁ㄤ氦鏄撹祫鏈噸缁勪粬浠殑娲诲姩銆傝偂绁ㄥ競鍦虹殑杩涘叆鍚屽惊鐜湪鎵€璋撶殑"鍙戝睍涓?/span>"鍥藉锛堜粠1981骞寸殑800浜跨編閲戝埌2005骞寸殑5鍏嗭級鐨勮偂浠藉鍔犱竴鑷淬€傝繖澧炲姞浜嗗浗闄呰祫鏈鎷変竵缇庢床鍏徃鎵€鏈夋潈缁撴瀯鐨勬笚閫忋€?/span>
浠婂ぉ鐨勫叕鍙稿姛鑳芥洿寮哄ぇ锛屼絾璇ュ尯鍩熺殑璧勪骇闃剁骇鏃犳硶鍏嬫湇鍏舵瑕佺殑鍏ㄧ悆瑙掕壊锛岃€屼笖闈㈠鏉ヨ嚜涓滄柟鐨勬柊绔炰簤涓嶇煡鎵€鎺€傝繖涓€缁撴灉绗﹀悎鍩烘湰鍒嗘敮涓殑涓撲笟鍖栵紝鍚屽埗閫犳椿鍔ㄦ笎琛屾笎杩溿€傚洜姝わ紝鍚屼笢鍗椾簹鍥藉鐨勫伐涓氬樊璺濆彉鎴愪簡鏃犳硶鎭㈠鐨勮鐥曘€?/span>
鍦板尯璧勪骇闃剁骇澧炲姞浜嗗叾涓庡鍥借祫鏈殑鑱旂郴锛屼絾浣滀负涓€涓彈姝ц鎬у寰呯殑閮ㄥ垎锛屽叾鐘跺喌骞舵病鏈夋秷澶便€傚畠缁存姢鐗瑰畾绉疮鐨勮姹傦紝杩欎簺瑕佹眰瓒呭嚭浜嗗浗瀹舵鏋讹紝褰卞搷鍒板湴鍖烘椿鍔ㄨ寖鍥淬€備笌澶栧浗鍏徃杈冨鍏宠仈鐨勮祫浜ч樁绾т笟宸查摳鎴愶紝鍔犲己浜嗕竴涓繘绋嬶紝杩欎釜杩涚▼濮嬩簬 1960 骞翠唬鐨勫反瑗匡紝缁х画浜?/span>1980 骞翠唬鐨勯樋鏍瑰环锛屽珐鍥轰簬1990骞翠唬鐨勫ⅷ瑗垮摜銆傝繖涓€閮ㄩ棬璧锋簮浜庡伐涓氾紝鎵╁睍鍒板啘涓?/span>-閲囩熆涓氬拰鏈嶅姟涓?/span> [17].
鏈€杩戝ⅷ瑗垮摜銆佸反瑗垮拰闃挎牴寤峰姞鍏?/span>G20宄颁細锛屾爣蹇楃潃鐜板瓨璧勪骇闃剁骇涓庡鍥借祫鏈叧绯荤殑鍙堜竴娆¢璺冦€備絾鍦ㄥ悇閮ㄥ垎涔嬮棿瀛樺湪鎷姉鎬х殑鍚堜綔锛屽悓杩欐瘮杈冨瘑鍒囨湁鍏崇殑鍘熷洜鏄紝瑕佺淮鎶ゅ寳鏂规洿澶х殑鍚堜綔浼欎即涓庡崡鏂硅緝灏忚€呬箣闂寸殑宸紓[18].
铏界劧涓庡鍥借祫鏈殑璐告槗宸叉垚鍊嶅鍔狅紝浣嗗師绫嶅浗鍧氭寔瑕佷綔涓轰笟鍔″熀鍦般€佸埄娑︾殑浼樺厛鏉ユ簮锛屼互鍙婃湰鍦板尯璧勪骇闃剁骇鍐崇瓥鐨勪腑蹇冦€傚浗闄呭寲鐨勪俊鐢ㄣ€佸競鍦哄拰鑲℃潈骞舵湭娑堥櫎涓昏鐨勮祫鏈富涔夐泦鍥㈢殑鍦板煙鐗瑰緛銆?/span>
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鐩稿叧鐨勫湴鏂硅祫浜ч樁绾э紝甯﹂鍑哄彛涓撲笟鍖栥€佸垎浜鍥藉叕鍙哥殑鍒╂鼎锛屼絾涓嶉『浠?/span>"鏂板澶?/span>"銆傝繖閮ㄥ垎璧勪骇闃剁骇鐨勫墠璧勬湰涓讳箟鐗圭偣锛屽湪璧勬湰鍖栬繃绋嬬殑杩涘睍涔嬪墠锛屽氨瀹屽叏鐔勭伃浜嗐€傛棫鐨勬媺涓佺編娲茬簿鑻?/span>---璇夎杩囨椂杩愪綔鏂瑰紡锛屼紒鍥炬敮閰嶅叾鍐滀笟閲囩熆璐骇鐨勪娇鐢ㄦ潈 --- 姝e湪澶卞幓浠介噺銆?/span>
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杩欑鎺掓枼鐨勭洿鎺ュ悗鏋滄槸鐘姜鐜囨垚鎸囨暟寮忎笂鍗囥€傛瘨鍝佷负鍩虹鐨勭粡娴庡凡鎴愪负鎺ㄥ悜杈圭紭鍖栫殑琛屼笟鐨勭敓瀛橀伩闅炬墍銆傝鍖哄煙鐨勫嚩鏉€鐜囪褰曞湪鍏ㄤ笘鐣屾渶楂樸€傜姱缃巼闅忓悓绀句細鍒嗚鍜屾帆绉芥秷璐逛互鍙婂瘜浜虹殑浜箰鑰屽闀裤€?/span>
鐢变簬姒ㄥ彇寮忔ā鍨嬪垱寤虹殑鏄綆璐ㄩ噺宸ヤ綔锛屾媺缇庡湴鍖虹殑鍔冲伐涓嶇ǔ瀹氱巼瓒呰繃涓儴鍥藉鐨勫钩鍧囨暟銆傚湪鍓嶈祫鏈富涔夌殑鍦熷湴娴佽浆閲屾垨鍦ㄧ啛鎮夌殑鍔冲姩鍔涘啀鐢熶骇鐨勬儏鍐典笅锛岃繖涓潪姝e紡灏变笟鐜囦笉浼氶噸鏂板垱寤恒€傚畠闅忓悓璧勬湰涓讳箟娓楅€忓埌绀句細鐢熸椿鐨勬墍鏈夐鍩熻€屽欢浼搞€備竴浜涜皟鏌ヨ涓猴紝涓嶇ǔ瀹氱殑閮ㄩ棬娑夊強46%鐨勬媺涓佺編娲插伐浜?/span> [21].
鍙︿竴涓叧閿洜绱犳槸璐┓鐨勬墿澶э紝鍦ㄦ媺涓佺編娲茶繖宸茬粡瓒呭嚭浜嗛潪姝h缁忔祹閮ㄩ棬銆傚畠涔熷奖鍝嶈寖鍥村箍娉涚殑绋冲畾宸ヤ汉銆備笉鍚屼簬鍙戣揪缁忔祹浣擄紝鍦ㄨ繖閲岋紝鏀跺叆澶綆锛岃繛鍩烘湰蹇呴渶鍝侀兘寰椾笉鍒版弧瓒崇殑浜虹殑鑼冨洿锛屽苟涓嶅眬闄愪簬鍙楁帓鏂ヨ€呫€傚畠寤朵几鍒扮幇浠d紒涓氶噷鐨勫彈鍓ュ墛宸ヤ汉銆傜┓瀛╁瓙鐨勭櫨鍒嗘瘮锛堟€绘暟鐨?/span>45%锛夋樉绀轰簡杩欎竴绁稿鐨勫埄瀹崇▼搴?/span>[22]銆?/span>
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杩欑鍒嗚鐨勪弗閲嶇▼搴︽槸鍔冲姩鍔涘競鍦虹殑绐佸嚭鐗圭偣銆傛垬鍚庢椂鏈熺殑鍏稿瀷鐢锋€у伐浼氬伐浜哄線寰€琚洿鐏垫椿鐨勫コ宸ュ彇鑰屼唬涔嬨€傛瑙勯儴闂ㄧ殑杩欑琛拌惤鍙戠敓鍦ㄥ姞宸ュ巶锛?/span>maquilas锛夈€傚伐浜洪樁绾х殑鎵╁睍宸茬粡澶卞幓浜嗗叾杩囧幓鐨勫姩鍔涖€傚埗閫犺涓氱殑鏃犱骇闃剁骇骞舵病鏈夋秷澶憋紝浣嗗叾浜х敓鐜囧凡钀庣缉銆?/span>
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閫氳繃鍒嗘瀽璇ュ尯鍩熶腑鐨勫彉鍖栵紝闃愭槑浜嗏€滃悗鑷敱涓讳箟鍜屽晢鍝佸叡璇嗏€濓紙Post-liberalism and Commodities Consensus锛夋蹇电殑鏈夋晥鎬с€傝祫鏈富涔夊凡鍦ㄥ啘涓氫腑鎵╂暎锛屽法鍨嬬熆涓氬緢鍏存椇锛屽己璋冨熀鏈嚭鍙g殑棣栬鍦颁綅銆備緵搴斿浗鍐呭競鍦虹殑琛屼笟宸茬粡璺屽洖鍒板嚭鍙e姞宸ュ巶鐨勭姸鎬佷腑锛屾眹娆炬槸鐢熷瓨鐨勬墜娈碉紝鑰屾梾娓告槸灏忓浗瀹剁殑涓昏鏀跺叆銆傝嚜鍏ㄧ悆鍗辨満寮€濮嬩互鏉ワ紝杩欎簺缁忔祹鐨勮秼鍔垮緱鍒颁簡鍔犲己銆?/span>
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鍦ㄨ传绌枫€佸け涓氬拰涓嶅钩绛夌殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝闈炴寮忓伐浣滅殑鎵╁紶銆佸啘姘戠殑鍑鸿蛋鍜屾柊涓骇闃剁骇鐨勫仠婊烇紝閲嶆瀯浜嗙粺娌婚樁绾с€傜粡娴庡舰鍔垮苟涓嶈兘宸﹁瘉瀵瑰悗鑷敱鍖栫殑璇勬柇锛屽簲绾冲叆鏀挎不鏂归潰鐨勮€冭檻瀵圭浉鍙嶇殑瑙傜偣浣滆瘎浠枫€?/span>
鍙傝€冧功鐩?/span>
-闃胯揪鑾か鏂熀路浼婂吂濂庡皵锛?/span>Adamovsky Ezequiel锛夛紝涓骇闃剁骇鐨勫礇璧风璇濓紝 www.clarin.com, 2012/12/26
-鍩哄崥浼婃墭路Jr路闃挎浖寰凤紙Boito Jr Armando,锛夛紝"鏂拌嚜鐢变富涔夐樁娈电殑宸磋タ鐨勯樁绾у叧绯?/span>"锛屾媺涓佺編娲茶繎浠e巻鍙蹭腑鐨勭ぞ浼氫富浣撳拰鏂板舰寮忕殑鎶楄娲诲姩锛?/span>CLACSO锛堟媺涓佺編娲插拰鍔犲嫆姣旂殑绀句細绉戝鐞嗕簨浼氾級锛屽竷瀹滆鏂壘鍒╂柉锛?/span>2006骞淬€?/span>
-娉㈣崳路闃挎彁鐣ワ紙Boron Atilio锛夛紝渚濊禆鍏崇郴鐞嗚锛岀粡娴庣幇瀹烇紝238鏈燂紝2008骞?/span>8-9鏈堛€?/span>
- Carchedi, Guglielmo. Frontiers of political economy, Verso 1991, (chapter 2)
-鍙ゆ牸鍒楀皵鑾峰崱灏斿嚡杩紙Guglielmo Carchedi锛夛紝鏀挎不缁忔祹瀛﹀墠娌匡紝Verso 1991骞达紝锛堢2绔狅級
-娉曢綈濂ヂ烽洦鏋滐紙Fazio Hugo锛夛紝"杩囧幓15骞存媺涓佺編娲茬殑宸ㄥぇ鍗辨満"銆佸叏鐞冨嵄鏈虹殑鐖嗗彂锛?/span>LOM锛屽湥鍦颁簹鍝ワ紝2009骞淬€?/span>
-寮楀叞鍏嬄峰畨寰烽瞾路宀楀痉灏旓紙Frank André Gunder锛夛紝鍦ㄦ媺缇庡湴鍖虹殑钀藉悗鍜岃祫鏈富涔夈€?/span> 浜屽崄涓€涓栫邯銆?/span> 甯冨疁璇烘柉鑹句附鏂?/span> 1974
-鐢樿揪濉炲悏路椹摜锛?/span>Gandasegui Marco锛夛紝鎷夌編鍥藉鍜屽鍥芥姇璧勶紝alainet.org, 30/05/2013
-鍙や腹閭f柉路鍘勫灏斿锛?/span>Gudynas Eduardo锛夛紝"杩涙鏀垮簻杈╄В"锛?/span>2013/12/23锛?/span> www.mediosdelospueblos.org .
-鏉扮储鏅烽矋鍕冿紙 Jessop Bob锛夛紝绂忓埄鍥藉鐨勫嵄鏈恒€傜敺鎬т笘绾紪杈戯紝娉㈠摜澶э紝1999骞淬€?/span>
-鍗″吂路鍏嬬綏杩ゥ锛?/span>Katz Claudio锛?/span>, 璧勬湰缁熸不锛岄樋鏍瑰环鐗堬紝鍗㈡.鍫★紝2011 骞?/span> 12 鏈?/span>
-鏇煎痉灏斅锋鍐呮柉鐗癸紙Mandel Ernest锛夛紝"璇勮"锛屾媺涓佺編娲茬殑绀句細闃剁骇鍜屾斂娌诲嵄鏈猴紝浜屽崄涓€涓栫邯锛?/span>1977 骞达紝澧ㄨタ鍝?/span>
-濂ョ储閲屽ゥ路鏉版锛?/span> Osorio Jaime锛?/span>"璧勬湰澧炴畺鐨勬爣鍑嗭細涓€涓悊璁哄缓璁?/span>"锛岃祫鏈娈栫殑鏍囧噯锛?/span>Boitempo鍑虹増绀撅紝鍦d繚缃楋紝2012骞?/span>
-甯曡惃鏋楀拰路淇濈綏锛?/span>Pasarinho Paulo锛?/span> - "涓骇闃跺眰"鏆村彂鐨勫浼犲杩癸紝鈥樺崡椋庘€欐潅蹇楋紝2012/06/08
-钀ㄦ媺椹风毊鍩冨皵锛?/span>Salama Pierre锛夛紝娆ф床蹇呴』瀛︿範闃挎牴寤凤紝绗?/span>12椤碉紝 2012/10/28
-濉炴槀路绾︾憻锛?/span>Seoane José,锛夛紝濉斾唬浼娐蜂縿绫崇暐锛?/span>Taddei Emilio锛夛紝闃垮皵鎴堝叞绾虫彁路鍏嬫媺鎷夛紙Algranati Clara锛夛紝姒ㄥ彇锛屽墺澶哄拰姘斿€欏嵄鏈猴紝缂栬緫鐗堬紝2013
-濉炴媺璇郝峰瘜鍏板厠鏋楋紙errano Franklin锛夛紝宸磋タ搴旇鏄満杞︼紝 www.pagina12.com.ar, 2013/4/26
鑴氭敞
[1] 杩欐槸钀ㄥ痉灏斅蜂縿绫冲皵锛?/span>Sader Emir锛夊墠鐬伙細"鎷夌編鍥藉鐨勬潈鍒╁嵄鏈?/span>"銆?/span> 2013/5/12锛?/span>www.rebelion.org/mostrar
[2] 杩欐槸椤瑰笗锛?/span>Svampa Maristella锛夌殑鐪嬫硶锛?/span>"鍟嗗搧鍏辫瘑鍜屾媺缇庤瑷€鐨勮瘎浼?/span>"锛?/span> 2013/2/5锛?/span>www.iade.org.ar/modules/noticias
[3] 鍗″吂路鍏嬬綏杩ゥ锛?/span>Katz Claudio锛夛紝"澶ц眴鐨勫啘涓?/span>-璧勬湰涓讳箟"锛?/span>EDI骞撮壌锛岀4鏈燂紝2008骞达紝甯冨疁璇烘柉鑹惧埄鏂?/span>
[4] 璇峰弬瑙侊細缃楀閫娐峰▉寤夊涓€涓栵紙Robinson William I锛夛紝 鎷変竵缇庢床鍜屽叏鐞冭祫鏈富涔夛細鍏抽敭鐨勫叏鐞冨寲瑙傜偣锛岀害缈版柉路闇嶆櫘閲戞柉澶у鍑虹増绀撅紝宸村皵鐨勬懇锛?/span>2008 骞达紝58-101椤?/span>
[5]鍙傝: 鍙や腹閭f柉路鍘勫灏斿锛?/span>Gudynas Eduardo锛夛紝"鍏充簬搴疯寗鑸炴鐨勪簲涓亣璁?/span>"锛?/span>brecha.com.uy锛?/span>2012/7/17銆傚彟澶栵細璧崡寰峰吂路绾崇摝缃椔峰垬鏄撳+锛?/span>Hernández Navarro Luis锛夛紝"鎷変竵缇庢床鐨勬敼閫?/span>"锛?/span>2013/12/26锛?/span>alainet.org/active
[6] 鎷夊姞缁忓浼氾紙CEPAL锛夛紝"鎷変竵缇庢床鍜屽姞鍕掓瘮鐨勬皵鍊欏彉鍖栫粡娴庡"锛岀患鍚堝垎鏋?/span>2010骞达紝www.eclac.cl
[7] 缃楀痉閲屽彜鍏孤风害鐟熉峰垬鏄撳+锛?/span>Rodríguez José Luis锛夛紝"鎷夌編鍦板尯浜т笟鍖栫殑鐩墠鍔炴硶"锛?/span>2012骞翠笅鍗婂勾锛?/span>www.espaciocritico.com銆?/span>
[8] 甯曞皵椹蜂冀甯冮噷灏旓紙Palma Gabriel锛夛紝"閫€鍑轰富涔?/span>"锛岀12椤碉紝 12/7/15
[9] 姹囨浜х敓鍒╂鼎涓板帤鐨勯€熸眹閲戜腑闂存満鏋勶紙瑗胯仈姹囨锛?/span>Western Union锛夛紝閫氭祹闅嗗叕鍙革紙Thomas Cook锛夛紝閫熸眹閲戝浗闄呮湁闄愬叕鍙革紙MoneyGram锛夛級銆傚弬鐪嬪崕灏旇鏃ユ姤锛?/span>"姹囨甯姪鏂板叴鍥藉"锛?/span>24/9/2012, online.wsj.com.
[10]鍙傞槄锛氬畨寰锋.路鏈凹杩厠锛?/span>Anderson Benedict锛?/span>"鍑哄焹鍙婅"锛屽叧閿川璇紝绗簩鏈燂紝1994鍐
[11] 瑙?/span>: 涔屽槑鐗硅溅路濂ユ柉鍗★紙Ugarteche Oscar锛夛紝"鍗辨満鐨勪笁绉嶉€熷害" 锛?/span> 2013/3/5锛?/span>alainet.org銆傚彟澶栬锛?/span> 椴佸鏉傚皵路杩灉锛?/span>Rubinzal Diego锛夛紝"璧㈠緱浜嗗崄骞?/span>"锛?/span>2013/2/17锛岀 12 椤?/span>
[12] 瑙?/span>: 鏍兼媺路缁存媺鍗氫紛路鑹插濂ワ紙Guerra Vilaboy Sergio锛夛紝鎷変竵缇庢床绠€鍙诧紝 鍝堢摝閭c€佺ぞ浼氱瀛︼紝2006 骞达紝绗?/span>163-165椤?/span>
[13]闃挎棩闃跨粍路鏃ュ崱澶氾紙Arriazu Ricardo锛夛紝"灏忚鍛婅抗璞?/span>"锛?/span>2013/1/27锛屽彿瑙掓棩鎶?/span>
[14] 鍗椔?/span> 鑾紛濉炴柉锛?/span>Naim Moises锛夛紝鈥滄娲茬殑鎷変竵鍖栤€濓紝鍥藉锛?/span> 6-11-11銆傚彿瑙掓棩鎶ワ紝2013/1/27
[15] 瑙?/span>: 鐝€鐗孤烽樋鍕掕寰风綏锛?/span>Portes Alejandro锛夈€傛媺缇庡浗瀹舵湭鏉ョ殑鍙戝睍锛氭柊鑷敱涓讳箟銆侀樁绾хぞ浼氬拰璺ㄥ浗涓讳箟锛?/span>Antropos鐗堟湰锛屾尝鍝ュぇ锛?/span>2004 骞?/span> 5 鏈堬紝绗竴绔?/span>
[16]妗戞彁绱⒙峰姞濞佸皵锛?/span>Santiso Javier锛夛紝"鎷夌編璺ㄥ浗鍏徃鐨勫嚭鐜?/span>"锛屾媺鍔犵粡濮斾細 95骞存潅蹇楋紝2008 骞?/span> 8 鏈?/span>
[17] 杞姌鎰忓懗鐫€姘戞棌璧勪骇闃剁骇鏇村姞浠庡睘浜庡鍥借祫鏈互鍙婇殢鍚庢斁寮冨疄鏂借繘姝ユ敼闈╋細澶氭柉路妗戞墭鏂锋彁鎵樺凹濂ワ紙Dos Santos Theotonio锛夛紝渚濊禆鐞嗚---涓€涓巻鍙插拰鐞嗚鐨勫钩琛★紝鍦ㄥ叏鐞冨寲鐨勬寫鎴樹腑锛屾暀绉戞枃缁勭粐锛屽崱鎷夊崱鏂紝1998骞?/span>
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[19] 杩欐槸缃楀閫娐峰▉寤夊涓€涓栵紙Robinson William I锛夌殑瑙傜偣锛?/span> 鎷変竵缇庢床鍜屽叏鐞冭祫鏈富涔?/span> 锛?/span>176-178 椤?/span>
[20] 姝ら敊璇殑璧锋簮鍦細寮楀叞鍏嬄峰畨寰烽瞾路宀楀痉灏旓紙Frank André Gunder锛夛紝 鍌荤摐璧勬湰涓讳箟 鍜?/span> 鍌讳箮涔庣殑鍙戝睍锛屾媺缇庝竴浣撳寲鍗忎細锛屽反濉炵綏閭o紝 1979
[21]娉㈢壒锛屾湭鏉ョ殑鍙戝睍锛岀 1绔犲拰绗?/span> 4 绔?/span>
[22] 瑙侊細鎷夌編缁忓浼?/span>-鑱斿悎鍥藉効绔ュ熀閲戜細锛?/span>CEPAL-UNICEF锛?/span>, 鈥?/span>鏂伴椈鎸戞垬鈥?nbsp; 绗?/span>10鏈?/span>, 2010骞?/span>5鏈?/span>, www.oei.es/noticias/
[23] 鍦仈绫陈疯矾鏈紙Guillemi Rúben锛夛紝鏈€涓嶅钩绛夌殑鍦板尯鎷変竵缇庢床锛?/span>www.lanacion.com.ar锛?/span>2012/9/22